Explore Peru’s rich culture, diverse heritage, and vibrant modern life—from ancient traditions to thriving cities and natural wonders.

🖋 By Meenakshi – AZAD Architects, Barnala

The Essence of Peru: Discover Its Heritage and Modern Spirit

Peru—a fascinating country in South America with rich history, diverse landscapes, and vibrant culture.

 

🌍 Where is Peru?

• Located in western South America, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile, with a long Pacific Ocean coastline.

• Capital city: Lima

🏞 Geography & Nature

Peru is incredibly diverse:

• Coastal Desert – dry but with fertile valleys (Lima lies here).

• Andes Mountains – home to Cusco, the Sacred Valley, and Machu Picchu.

• Amazon Rainforest – lush, tropical, with amazing biodiversity.

• Lake Titicaca – the world’s highest navigable lake.

🏛 History & Heritage

• Ancient civilizations: Peru was home to the Norte Chico, Moche, and Nazca cultures.

• Inca Empire: The most famous civilization, with Cusco as its capital.

• Spanish colonization in the 1500s shaped Peru’s language, architecture, and religion.

• Today, Peru blends Indigenous traditions with Spanish colonial heritage.

✨ Famous Attractions

• Machu Picchu – the iconic Inca citadel, one of the New 7 Wonders of the World.

• Nazca Lines – mysterious giant geoglyphs in the desert.

• Cusco – the historic Inca capital with stunning colonial architecture.

• Saqsaywaman – Saqsaywaman (also spelled Sacsayhuamán) is a massive Inca fortress and ceremonial complex located on a hill overlooking the city of Cusco, Peru.

• Sacred Valley – scenic Andean landscapes and archaeological sites.

• Colca Canyon – one of the deepest canyons on Earth, home to condors.

• Amazon Basin – rich wildlife and indigenous cultures.

🍽 Peruvian Cuisine

Peru is a foodie paradise and often ranked among the best culinary destinations:

• Ceviche – raw fish cured in lime juice.

• Lomo Saltado – stir-fried beef with Asian influence.

• Aji de Gallina – creamy chicken stew.

• Quinoa dishes – a staple Andean grain.

• Pisco Sour – the national cocktail.

🎭 Culture & Traditions

• Quechua & Aymara languages still spoken alongside Spanish.

• Colorful festivals like Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun).

• Traditional Andean music with pan flutes and charangos.

• Rich textile art and handicrafts.

🧳 Why Visit Peru?

• For history lovers – Inca ruins & museums.

• For adventurers – trekking the Inca Trail or hiking Rainbow Mountain.

• For nature lovers – the Amazon, mountains, and wildlife.

• For food lovers – world-class cuisine.

Peru is a country in western South America, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean. It has diverse landscapes, from the dry Pacific coast and the Andes Mountains to the lush Amazon rainforest. With over 32 million people, its capital and largest city is Lima. Peru is the third-largest country in South America.

Peru has one of the oldest civilizations in the Americas, starting with the Caral–Supe culture. Later came the Nazca, Wari, Tiwanaku, and the powerful Inca Empire. The Spanish conquered Peru in the 16th century, making Lima an important colonial center. Peru gained independence in 1821 and fully secured it in 1824 after the Battle of Ayacucho.

The country has faced periods of political and social instability but also economic growth. Today, Peru is a democratic republic with 25 regions. Its economy is based on mining, agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, and emerging sectors like biotechnology. It is part of several international trade and political alliances.

Peru is culturally diverse, with Mestizo, Indigenous, European, African, and Asian influences. Spanish is the main language, but many also speak Quechua, Aymara, and other Indigenous languages. Peru is world-famous for its gastronomy, blending Indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian flavors. Lima is now a global culinary capital.

How Peru Got Its Name

The name Peru likely comes from Birú, a local ruler near Panama in the early 1500s. Spanish explorers mistakenly thought his land was the southernmost part of the New World. When Francisco Pizarro moved further south into the Inca territories, the region was also called Birú or Perú.

Another version, told by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, says Birú was actually a common Indigenous man met by Spanish sailors, with language barriers leading to confusion.

The Spanish crown officially used the name in 1529, calling the Inca Empire the Province of Peru. Later, under colonial rule, it became the Viceroyalty of Peru and, after independence, the Republic of Peru.

From Ancient Peru to Spanish Conquest

Human presence in Peru dates back to 12,500 BCE, with early societies thriving on farming, fishing, and camelid herding. The Caral-Supe civilization (3000–1800 BCE) was the first major culture, followed by others like Cupisnique, Chavín, Paracas, Nazca, Moche, Wari, Chimu, and Tiahuanaco, each leaving lasting achievements in irrigation, pottery, metalwork, and urban planning.

In the 15th century, the Inca Empire rose in Cusco under rulers like Pachacuti and Topa Inca Yupanqui, expanding across western South America. The Incas called their empire Tawantinsuyu—“Four Regions”—with Quechua as the main language and Inti (Sun God) as the central deity.

The empire fell after a civil war between Atahualpa and Huáscar, just before Francisco Pizarro’s arrival in 1532. The Spanish captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ending Inca rule and establishing the Viceroyalty of Peru with Lima as its capital.

Spanish colonization brought disease, forced labor, silver and gold mining, Catholicism, African slaves, and a rigid colonial system. Native traditions blended with European culture, creating a mixed Peruvian identity. Over time, tax hikes and Bourbon Reforms sparked revolts like Túpac Amaru II’s rebellion.

By the early 19th century, the weakened viceroyalty faced independence movements, leading to the birth of modern South American nations.

Peru’s Road to Independence and 19th Century Challenges

In the early 1800s, while much of South America fought for freedom, Peru remained loyal to Spain. Only after the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar was independence achieved. San Martín landed in Peru in 1820, occupied Lima in 1821, and declared independence on 28 July 1821. Bolívar continued the fight, defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, securing freedom for Peru and what became Bolivia.

After independence, San Martín became Protector of Peru, introducing reforms like abolishing forced Indigenous labor and creating the National Library. However, political instability and military rivalries marked the young republic.

From the 1840s to 1860s, President Ramón Castilla stabilized the country using wealth from guano exports, funding railways and freeing slaves. But by the 1870s, guano supplies were exhausted, debts rose, and unrest returned.

In 1879, Peru allied with Bolivia against Chile in the War of the Pacific, driven by disputes over nitrate-rich territories. After five years of war, Peru lost Tarapacá and parts of Tacna and Arica. Heroes like Miguel Grau and Francisco Bolognesi became national symbols.

After the war ended in 1884, Peru faced a long period of rebuilding. True political stability only emerged in the early 20th century.

Peru in the 20th Century: From Political Turmoil to Fujimori’s Era

After the War of the Pacific, Peru saw brief stability under the Civilista Party, followed by the authoritarian rule of Augusto B. Leguía, whose fall during the Great Depression reignited political unrest. The APRA party emerged as a major force, clashing with the military and elites for decades. A 1929 peace treaty with Chile returned Tacna to Peru, but territorial disputes with Colombia (1932) and Ecuador (1941) led to short wars.

A military coup in 1948 brought General Manuel Odría to power, mixing populist social policies with repression. After cycles of coups and brief democratic periods, General Juan Velasco Alvarado seized power in 1968, launching major agrarian reforms, nationalizations, and promoting Quechua as an official language. His reforms angered elites and strained U.S. relations. By 1975, General Francisco Morales Bermúdez shifted towards a conservative military regime linked to Operation Condor.

In the 1980s, Alan García’s government faced economic collapse, hyperinflation, and the violent rise of insurgent groups like Shining Path and MRTA. Amid chaos, Alberto Fujimori became president in 1990, implementing harsh neoliberal reforms inspired by Plan Verde, drastically reducing hyperinflation but increasing inequality. In 1992, he staged an auto-coup, dissolving Congress and ruling with near-dictatorial powers.

Fujimori crushed insurgents but was accused of human rights abuses, massacres, and forced sterilizations of Indigenous women. After renewed conflict with Ecuador in the Cenepa War (1995), a final peace treaty was signed in 1998. Fujimori’s regime collapsed under corruption scandals, leading to his resignation and exile in 2000.

Peru in the 21st Century: Politics, Protests, and Instability

Entering the 2000s, Peru sought economic growth and anti-corruption reforms, but Fujimorism—influenced by the 1993 constitution—still shaped politics. A caretaker government led by Valentín Paniagua oversaw new elections, bringing Alejandro Toledo (2001–2006) to power. Alan García returned to the presidency in 2006, while Keiko Fujimori rose as a key political figure continuing her father’s legacy. In 2009, former president Alberto Fujimori was sentenced to 25 years in prison for human rights abuses.

Presidents Ollanta Humala (2011–2016), Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018), and Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) faced a Fujimorist-controlled Congress, which blocked reforms and used broad impeachment powers to pressure or remove presidents. The COVID-19 pandemic hit Peru hard, exposing deep inequality and triggering political chaos. Vizcarra was removed in 2020, replaced briefly by Manuel Merino, whose rule sparked mass protests, forcing his resignation. Francisco Sagasti then led a temporary centrist government.

In 2021, Pedro Castillo, a leftist teacher, narrowly won the presidency, defeating Keiko Fujimori. But Castillo faced repeated impeachment attempts from Congress. On 7 December 2022, hours before a new impeachment vote, he tried to dissolve Congress. Lawmakers swiftly removed him, and Vice President Dina Boluarte became Peru’s first female president. Castillo was arrested and charged with rebellion.

Boluarte’s alliance with the right-wing Congress and military angered citizens, sparking the 2022–2023 protests, demanding her resignation, early elections, and a new constitution. Security forces responded violently, with massacres in Ayacucho and Juliaca, marking Peru’s worst unrest in decades.

Peru’s Geography: Coast, Highlands, and Amazon Jungle

Peru lies on the central west coast of South America, entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, covering 1.28 million km². It borders Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean. The Andes Mountains run north to south, shaping three main regions:

• Costa (Coast) – a narrow, dry strip with fertile valleys from seasonal rivers.

• Sierra (Highlands) – the Andean region, home to the Altiplano plateau and Huascarán, the country’s highest peak at 6,768 m.

• Selva (Jungle) – the vast Amazon rainforest, covering about 60% of Peru.

The country has 54 river basins—most small rivers flow into the Pacific, while larger ones feed Lake Titicaca or the Amazon Basin, which holds the world’s longest river, the Amazon, spanning 6,872 km. Major rivers include Ucayali, Marañón, Putumayo, Yavarí, Huallaga, and Urubamba.

Peru also hosts Lake Titicaca, South America’s largest lake, shared with Bolivia. Key reservoirs along the coast include Poechos, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile. Peru holds 4% of the world’s freshwater.

Peru’s Varied Climate: Coast, Andes, and Amazon

Though entirely in the tropics, Peru’s climate is highly diverse due to its mountains, varied terrain, and the Humboldt and El Niño currents. Elevations range from below sea level to 6,778 m, with rainfall varying from less than 20 mm in deserts to over 8,000 mm in rainforests.

Peru has three main climate zones:

• Coastal region – mild temperatures, low rain, high humidity, except in the warmer, wetter north.

• Andean highlands – cooler, drier with altitude, with summer rains and icy peaks.

• Amazon jungle – hot, humid, and rainy, though the far south has cooler winters with seasonal rains.

Peru’s Rich and Unique Wildlife

Thanks to its diverse landscapes and climates, Peru is one of the world’s megadiverse nations, with over 21,000 species of plants and animals, including 5,800+ found nowhere else.

It hosts 1,800+ bird species (120 endemic), 500+ mammals like the jaguar, puma, and spectacled bear, 300 reptiles, and 1,000+ freshwater fish. Coastal waters are rich in anchovies, tuna, shellfish, and whales, while Peruvian birds are famous for producing guano, once a key export.

Plant life ranges from desert cacti and high-altitude shrubs to Andean cloud forest orchids and the lush Amazon rainforest, home to countless tree and canopy species. Peru ranks high globally for forest integrity, showcasing its vast natural wealth.

Overview of Peru’s Government and Political System

Peru is a unitary semi-presidential republic with a multi-party system, operating under the 1993 Constitution that strengthened presidential powers. The government blends features from the U.S. (written constitution, independent Supreme Court, presidential system) and China (unicameral Congress, prime minister-led cabinet).

Government branches:

• Legislative: A single-chamber Congress with 130 members elected for five years, responsible for making laws and can impeach the president.

• Executive: The President (head of state and government) elected for five years, appoints a cabinet led by a Prime Minister. The president can dissolve Congress under certain conditions.

• Judiciary: An independent Supreme Court oversees the legal system.

Peru’s political landscape is marked by frequent conflicts between Congress and presidents, with several impeachments and resignations in recent decades. The Congress wields strong power, including impeachment without cause, often limiting presidential authority.

Elections use compulsory voting and proportional representation for Congress. Presidents are elected in two rounds if no clear majority emerges.

The country has a multi-party system, with major political groups ranging from liberal, nationalist, populist (notably Fujimorism), and reformist factions. The most recent election in 2021 saw Pedro Castillo win the presidency after a runoff against Keiko Fujimori.

Corruption in Politics

Corruption has heavily affected Peruvian politics, with multiple presidents investigated or removed over bribery scandals, especially linked to the Odebrecht case. Despite public disapproval, corruption remains common in Congress, where legislators often use their positions for immunity and personal gain.

Administrative Structure

Peru is divided into 26 units: 24 departments, plus the Constitutional Province of Callao and the Province of Lima (capital). Each has an elected regional government with a governor and council serving four-year terms. These bodies manage budgets, development, and public services.

Provinces like Lima have municipal councils led by mayors. Decentralization efforts aim to improve local governance and citizen participation, with NGOs playing a significant role. The Lima metropolitan area is one of the largest cities in the Americas.

Peru’s Foreign Relations and Defense Overview

Peru has strong diplomatic and trade connections, especially with the United States and Asia, engaging actively in regional and global organizations like APEC, WTO, the Pacific Alliance, Mercosur, the OAS, and the United Nations. Peru is a founding member of the Andean Community of Nations and aims for full integration into the OECD due to its economic progress and institutional reforms. It has signed several major free trade agreements with countries including the U.S., China, the EU, and Japan.

Regionally, Peru works closely with South American neighbors but has had historical tensions with Chile, notably over maritime disputes, though both countries are improving relations. Peru also leads efforts addressing the Venezuelan crisis through the Lima Group. According to the 2024 Global Peace Index, Peru ranks as the 99th most peaceful nation worldwide.

Military and Security

Peru’s military is the fourth largest in Latin America, comprising the Army, Navy, and Air Force with nearly 400,000 personnel (including reservists). Their mission is to protect Peru’s sovereignty and territory.

• The Army oversees land defense through several regions and commands.

• The Air Force, founded in 1929, focuses on air defense and supports humanitarian missions.

• The Navy handles maritime, river, and lake security with about 26,000 sailors.

The military is managed by the Ministry of Defense and Joint Command, conducting defense and operational duties. Since 1999, Peru abolished compulsory service, moving to voluntary enlistment. The National Police, although civilian in mandate, operates with military-like capabilities and reports to the Ministry of Interior.

Defense spending has decreased since 2000, standing at about 1.1% of GDP in 2016-17, one of the lowest in South America. The armed forces also assist in domestic crises, such as enforcing COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020.

Peru’s Economy: Growth, Challenges, and Mining Dominance

Peru ranks as the 48th largest global economy by purchasing power parity (PPP) and is classified as upper-middle income by the World Bank. Its economy boomed during the 2000s, making it one of the fastest-growing countries, with a steadily improving Human Development Index (HDI) around 0.767 by 2024. The economy largely depends on exports for foreign currency to fund imports and debt, but struggles with income inequality and poverty, with nearly 20% living in poverty as of recent data.

Inflation has fluctuated from a low 1.8% in 2012 to about 8.6% in 2023, while unemployment was low at 3.6% in 2012. Economic policies have shifted dramatically over decades, from Juan Velasco Alvarado’s radical reforms in the late 60s and early 70s that increased state control and failed to reduce inequality, to the 1990s liberalization under Alberto Fujimori that opened markets and reduced state ownership.

By 2010, services made up over half of Peru’s GDP, followed by manufacturing and mining. Trade grew significantly after a free trade agreement with the U.S. in 2006, with key exports including copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fishmeal. Main trading partners are the U.S., China, Brazil, and Chile.

Informal employment is widespread, with about 70% of workers in informal jobs by 2019, including many children and adolescents.

Mining Sector: A Pillar of the Economy

Mining is vital, accounting for over 60% of Peru’s exports in 2023. Peru ranks among the world’s top producers of copper, zinc, gold, lead, tin, boron, molybdenum, silver, as well as gas and oil. The Yanacocha mine is South America’s largest gold mine and second largest worldwide, producing over 3 million ounces of gold in 2005 alone.

Mining exports have soared from $1.4 billion in 1990 to nearly $40 billion in 2023, cementing Peru’s position as a leading mining nation in Latin America. However, the country remains vulnerable to global commodity price fluctuations.

Peru’s Agriculture, Tourism, and Industry Overview

Agriculture:

Peru is the world’s top producer of quinoa and maca, and ranks among the top producers of avocados, blueberries, asparagus, coffee, cocoa, potatoes, and pineapples. It also grows significant amounts of grapes, sugarcane, rice, bananas, maize, and cassava. In livestock, Peru is among the 20 largest chicken meat producers globally. Despite being a major food producer, about half the population faces moderate to severe food insecurity, largely due to social inequality, low wages, and challenges faced by small farmers like climate change, mining, and drug trafficking impacts.

Tourism:

Tourism is Peru’s third-largest industry, driven mainly by its vast archaeological heritage, including over 100,000 sites. It contributes about 7% of GDP and employs roughly 11% of the workforce. The sector has grown 25% annually over the past five years, making Peru a top destination in the Americas. Key tourist spots include Lima, Cusco (home to Machu Picchu and the Sacred Valley), Arequipa, and Lake Titicaca in Puno. Other popular routes include the southern circuit and the Callejón de Huaylas, known for adventure and Andean cuisine. Peru boasts 14 UNESCO World Heritage sites and 11 national parks.

Industry:

Peru’s industrial output ranked 50th globally in 2019, valued at $28.7 billion. It is the world’s leading supplier of fishmeal and alpaca wool and the top exporter of cotton textiles in Latin America. The country’s rich natural resources also support a growing polymer industry. With numerous free trade agreements, Peru is poised to become a prime business destination in South America.

Peru’s Infrastructure, Energy, Healthcare, and Population Highlights 

Transport:

Peru’s road network covers about 175,589 km, with roughly 30,000 km paved. Major highways include the Pan American and Interoceanic Highways. The rail system is limited, totaling under 2,000 km. Key airports include Lima, Cusco, and Arequipa, with Lima’s Jorge Chávez Airport undergoing major expansion to handle 40 million passengers annually by late 2024. The new Chinchero International Airport in Cusco will improve direct international flights. Important seaports are Callao, Ilo, and Matarani. The new Port of Chancay, opening in November 2024, is set to become Latin America’s largest, boosting trade with Asia.

Energy:

Electricity access has improved, with over 94% of homes connected by 2016. Generation is split between hydroelectric (52%) and thermal plants (38%), with growing renewable sources like wind and solar. Peru ranks among the top countries globally for installed hydropower, wind, and solar capacity.

Healthcare:

Life expectancy stands around 73 years for men and 78 for women. Infant mortality has dropped significantly over recent decades. About 75% of Peruvians have some form of health insurance, though nearly a quarter remain uninsured. Leading causes of death include cancers, respiratory infections, and heart diseases.

Demographics:

With over 33 million people (2022 estimate), Peru is South America’s fourth most populous nation. Most citizens live along the coast (59%), with others in the Andes (27%) and Amazon (14%). Urbanization is high, with 80% residing in cities like Lima (nearly 10 million), Arequipa, and Trujillo. The population growth rate is about 1.1% annually, expected to reach 42 million by 2050. Peru is home to 15 uncontacted indigenous tribes, reflecting its rich cultural diversity.

Ethnic Diversity, Language, Religion, and Education in Peru

Ethnic Groups:

Peru is a diverse country shaped by many waves of migration over centuries. Indigenous peoples, mainly Amerindians, lived in the region long before the Spanish conquest. Today, about 60% identify as mestizo (mixed Indigenous and European), 22% as Quechua, and smaller percentages as white, black, Aymara, or other groups. Historical factors like disease, social exclusion, and cultural mixing have influenced these demographics. Peru also has communities descended from Spanish, African, Asian (notably Chinese and Japanese), and Middle Eastern immigrants. In recent years, Peru has seen a significant influx of Venezuelan migrants.

Languages:

Spanish is the dominant language, spoken by over 80% of the population, and used officially in government, education, and media. Indigenous languages like Quechua (17%) and Aymara (1.7%) are widely spoken in rural and Andean regions. Efforts are ongoing to promote Quechua education. Many Amazonian communities speak various native languages.

Religion:

Roman Catholicism is the main religion, followed by a growing number of Evangelicals and Protestants. Catholic traditions often blend with Indigenous beliefs, seen in festivals like Inti Raymi, an ancient Inca celebration. About 76% of Peruvians identify as Catholic, with other faiths and secular groups making up the rest.

Education:

Education is managed by the Ministry of Education and is free and mandatory through secondary school in public institutions. Literacy rates stand at about 93%, with urban areas showing higher literacy than rural ones. Education levels include initial (ages 0-5), primary, secondary, and higher education, which requires entrance exams for universities. Peru boasts the oldest university in the Americas — the National University of San Marcos, founded in 1551.

Peruvian Culture: Heritage, Arts, and Traditions

Cultural Roots:

Peruvian culture blends Iberian and Andean traditions, influenced also by European, Asian, and African peoples. Ancient civilizations like the Incas left rich legacies in pottery, textiles, and architecture, including Machu Picchu. Colonial art was mainly religious and Baroque in style, evolving over time with local and foreign influences.

Visual Arts:

Early Peruvian art originated with pre-Columbian cultures such as Cupisnique, Chavín, Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Chimú, known for intricate ceramics, textiles, sculptures, and monumental architecture like Chan Chan. The Incas inherited and expanded on these artistic traditions. During colonial times, the Cuzco School blended European Baroque painting with Indigenous styles.

Literature:

Peruvian literature includes colonial chronicles, Indigenous oral traditions, and modern works. Early writings were by Spanish conquistadors and native chroniclers. Post-independence literature featured Romanticism and Indigenismo movements, with notable authors like Ricardo Palma and José María Arguedas. Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa represents contemporary Peruvian literature on the world stage.

Cuisine:

Peruvian food reflects Indigenous ingredients like potatoes, corn, and chili peppers, combined with Spanish, Chinese, African, and Japanese influences. Popular dishes include ceviche, anticuchos, and pachamanca. Lima is renowned for its top-rated restaurants that showcase Peru’s diverse regional flavors.

Music and Dance:

Peruvian music mixes Andean, Spanish, and African elements. Instruments include the charango, pan flute, guitar, and cajón. Folk dances like marinera and huayno are popular. Peru also has a vibrant rock and pop scene, with internationally recognized artists and historic bands like Los Saicos, pioneers of garage rock.

Cinema:

Though smaller than other Latin American industries, Peruvian cinema has produced notable films such as Madeinusa and The Milk of Sorrow, which received international acclaim. Peru was also home to Latin America’s first 3-D animated films, Piratas en el Callao and Dragones: Destino de Fuego.

Sports in Peru: Tradition and Popularity

Sports in Peru trace back to native games before Spanish colonization, with modern influences from American-style physical education and commercialization. The Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD) oversees various sports federations, mainly based at Lima’s Villa Deportiva Nacional. The largest stadium is Estadio Monumental "U," seating over 80,000, while the national stadium is Estadio Nacional.

Peru has hosted major events like the 2004 Copa América, 2019 Pan American Games, and upcoming 2024 Bolivarian Games. The country’s official national sport is Paleta frontón, developed in Lima during the 16th century.

Football is Peru’s most popular sport. The top domestic league is the Peruvian Primera División. The national team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup five times and won the Copa América twice (1939, 1975). Legendary player Teófilo Cubillas is regarded as Peru’s greatest footballer. Clubs like Universitario and Sporting Cristal have had notable international success, with Cienciano winning two major South American titles.

Other favored sports include volleyball, surfing, and karate. Peru’s women’s volleyball team was a world powerhouse in the 1980s and 90s, earning a silver medal at the 1988 Olympics. Peru is also recognized for strong performances in surfing at international competitions.

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